The Effectiveness of Ivermectin on the Risk of Mortality in COVID-19 Patients: A Meta Analysis
Abstract
Background: The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become the highest priority of global pandemic. New and repurposed drugs are being tested on mild to moderate levels of COVID-19 to help suppress transmission of the virus. Ivermectin is one of the repurposed drugs with known safety records with more than 2.5 billion doses dispensed in the past. This study aims to estimate the effectiveness of ivermectin in reducing the risk of mortality in COVID-19 patients based on the results of a number of previous similar studies.
Subjects and Method: This study is a systematic review and meta-analysis. This study used secondary data in the form of data from previous study results. A systematic and comprehensive database search was carried out through several databases including: PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, and Springer Link. Analysis of this study was using RevMan 5.3 software. This study used the eligibility criteria with the PICO model, populations: covid-19 patients, intervention: ivermectin administration, comparison: patients without ivermectin, outcome: mortality in COVID-19 patients. The inclusion criteria used were full paper in English and Indonesian with a randomized controlled trial, including the number of deaths, and the primary study was conducted in a hospital. The keywords used to search the database were
Abd-Elsalam SA, Noor RA, Khalaf M, Medhat MA, Karam H, Ramadan A, Eldeen MAS, et al. (2021). Clinical study evaluating the efficacy of ivermectin in COVID-19 treatment: A randomized controlled study. J Med Virol. 2019: 10 Alam MT, Murshed R, Bhiuyan E, Saber S, Alam RF, Robin RC (2020). A case series of 100 covid-19 positive patients treated with combination of iver-mectin and doxycycline. J. Bangladesh Coll. Phys. Surg. 38: 10-15. doi: 10.3329/jbcps.v38i0.47512. Andrew H, Anna G, Jacob L, Jonathan F, Leah E, Kaitlyn M, Victoria P, et al. (2021). Meta-analysis of randomized trials of ivermectin to treat SARS-CoV-2 infection. Open Forum Infect Dis. 8(11): ofab358. doi: 10.1093/ofid/ofab358. Caly L, Druce JD, Catton MG, Jans DA, Wagsta KM (2020). The FDAapproved drug ivermectin inhibits the replication of SARS-CoV-2 in vitro. J.Antiviral Research. 178: 3-6. doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104787. Campbell WC (1985). Ivermectin: An Up-date. Parasitology Today. 1:1. doi: 10.1016/0169-4758(85)90100-0. CASP (2018). Critical appraisal skills programme randomised controlled trial standard checklist. Retrieved from https://casp-uk.b-cdn.net/wp-con-tent/uploads/2020/10/CASP_RCT_Checklist_PDF_Fillable_Form.pdf. Elgazzar A, Eltaweel A, Youssef SA, Hany B, Hafez M, Moussa H (2020). Efficacy and safety of ivermectin for treatment and prophylaxis of COVID-19 pandemic. J. Res. 1-10. doi: 10.21203/rs.3.rs100956/v3. Gorial FI, Sabeeh M, Hend MS, Basim DD, Marwan MA, Adnan MA, Hassan MA, Mohammed G, Jawad IR (2020). Effectiveness of ivermectin as add-on therapy in COVID-19 management. MedRxiv. 2(1): 2-13 doi: 10.1101/2020.07.07.20145979. Gonzalez JLB, G Han Q, Lin Q, Ni Z, You L (2020). Uncertainties about the transmission routes of 2019 novel coronavirus. J. irv. 14(4): 470-471. doi: 10.1111/irv.12735. Hashim A, Hashim MF, Maulood AM. Rasheed, Dhurgham F, Fatak, Khulood K, Kabah AS, Abdulamir (2020). Controlled randomized clinical trial on using Ivermectin with Doxycycline for treating COVID-19 patients in Baghdad, Iraq. medRxiv. doi: 10.1101/2020.10.26.20219345 Johns Hopkins University of Medicine COVID-19 (2021). COVID-19 dash-board by the center for systems science and engineering (CSSE) at Johns Hopkins University. Available at: https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html. Accessed 2-12-2021. Kow C, Merchant HA, Mustafa ZU. Hasan SS (2021). The association between the use of ivermectin and mortality in patients with COVID-19: a meta-analysis. Pharmacol Rep. 73:1473-1479. doi: 10.1007/s43440-021-00245-z L doi: 10.1001/jama.2021.3071 Mills E. Early Treatment of COVID-19 with Repurposed Therapies: The TOGE-THER Adaptive Platform Trial (2021). Retrieved from: https://rethinkingclinicaltrials.org/news/august-6-2021-early-treatment-of-covid-19-with-repurposed-therapies-the-together-adaptive-platform-trial-edward-mills-phd-frcp/. Accessed in 20 Desember 2021. Murti B (2018). Prinsip dan metode riset epidemiologi edisi ke empat (principles and methods of epidemiological research, fourth edition). Surakarta: Universitas Sebelas Maret. Shakhsi Niaee M, Namdar P, Allami A, Zolghadr L, Javadi A, Karampour A, Vernasari M, et al. (2021) Ivermectin as an adjunct treatment for hospi-talized adult COVID-19 patients: A randomized multi-center clinical trial. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 14(6): -273. doi: 10.4103/1995-7645.31-8304. Okumu N, Rajter JC, Sherman MS, and Fatteh N (2021). Use of ivermectin is associated with lower mortality in hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 The Ivermectin in COVID Nineteen Study. CHEST. 159(1): 85-92. doi: 10.1016/j.chest.2020.10.009. Ravikirti, Roy R, Pattadar C, Raj R, Argawal N, Biswas B, Majhi PK, et al. (2021). Ivermectin as a potential treatment for mild to moderate COVID-19 Satuan Tugas COVID-19 (2021). Peta sebaran COVID-19 di Indonesia, dasbor COVID-19 oleh pusat satuan tugas COVID-19 Indonesia (Map of the Spread of COVID-19 in Indonesia, COVID-19 Dashboard by the Center for the Indonesian COVID-19 Task Force). Available at: https://covid19.go.id/peta-sebaran-covid19. WHO (2021). Coronavirus disease (COVID-19), Dashboard at WHO. Available at: https://covid-19.who.int/. Accessed in 2-12-21.
References
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Most read articles by the same author(s)
- Novi Indah Aderita, Bhisma Murti, Nunuk Suryani, Risk Factors Affecting Multi-Drug Resistant Tuberculosis in Surakarta and Ngawi, Indonesia , Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health: Vol. 1 No. 2 (2016)
- Kanthi Devi Ayuningtyas, Setyo Sri Rahardjo, Bhisma Murti, Risk Factors of Dengue Fever: Application of PRECEDE , Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health: Vol. 4 No. 1 (2019)
- Dyah Mubarokah Ahadiyati, Didik Gunawan Tamtomo, Vitri Widyaningsih, The Effect of Physical Activity on Hypertension on Adults: Meta Analysis , Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health: Vol. 5 No. 4 (2020)
- Christiana Sri Wahyuningsih, Achmad Arman Subijanto, Bhisma Murti, Logistic Regression on Factors Affecting Depression among the Elderly , Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health: Vol. 4 No. 3 (2019)
- Febrika Devi Nanda, Bhisma Murti, Ruben Dharmawan, Path Analysis on Factors Associated with the Risk of Scabies Among Students at Darussalam Islamic Boarding School, Blokagung, Banyuwangi, Indonesia , Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health: Vol. 1 No. 1 (2016)
- Maya Sofiyani, Ruben Dharmawan, Bhisma Murti, Risk Factors of Leptospirosis in Klaten, Central Java , Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health: Vol. 3 No. 1 (2018)
- Nurul Ulya Luthfiyana, Setyo Sri Rahardjo, Bhisma Murti, Multilevel Analysis on the Biological, Social Economic, and Environmental Factors on the Risk of Pneumonia in Children Under Five in Klaten, Central Java , Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health: Vol. 3 No. 2 (2018)
- Yulianda Yeimo, Isna Qadrijati, Bhisma Murti, Environmental Factors Associated with Pneumonia in Children Under-Five in Nduga District, Papua , Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health: Vol. 3 No. 3 (2018)
- Diana Sayidah, Setyo Sri Rahardjo, Bhisma Murti, Individual and Environmental Risk Factors of Tuberculosis: A New Evidence from Ponorogo, East Java , Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health: Vol. 3 No. 3 (2018)
- Riza Firdaus, Yulia Lanti Retno Dewi, Bhisma Murti, Factors Affecting the Uptake of Non Communicable Disease Screening Service: A Multiple Logistic Regression in Kapuas Hulu, West Kalimantan , Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health: Vol. 4 No. 4 (2019)
