Path Analysis on the Determinants of Depression Symptom in Elderly: A PRECEDE PROCEED Model
Abstract
Background: Mental health problems such as depression get less attention. This is due to the stigma that depression and mental health are things that do not need special attention. The population with the highest level of depression in Indonesia is experienced by the elderly. Depression in the elderly is caused by health factors, loss of loved ones and peer support and family support. The purpose of this study was to analyze the determinants of depressive symptoms in elderly.
Subjects and Method: This was a cross sectional study conducted in Surakarta, Central Java, from September to October 2019. A sample of 200 elderly aged >60 years old was selected by cluster random sampling. The dependent variable was depressive symptoms. The independent variables were gender, education, employment status, marital status, residence, morbidity, family support, and peer support. The data were collected by questionnaire and analyzed by path analysis.
Results: The risk of depressive symptoms in the elderly increased with the elderly who did not have a partner (b= 8.42; 95% CI= 5.75 to 11.1; p <0.001), female gender (b= 4.83; 95% CI = 2.38 to 7.27; p<0.001), elderly who do not work (b= 2.85; 95% CI= 0.32 to 5.38; p= 0.027), have morbidity (b= 12.53; 95% CI= 0.16 to 4.89; p= 0.036). The risk of depressive symptoms in the elderly decreased with strong peer support (b= -2.79; 95% CI= -5.01 to -0.56; p= 0.014), strong family support (b = -8.67; 95% CI = -11.38 to - 5.97; p <0.001). The risk of depressive symptoms was indirectly affected by education and residence
Conclusion: The risk of depressive symptoms in the elderly increases with the elderly who do not have partners, gender, employment status, and morbidity. The risk of depressive symptoms in the elderly decreases with peer support, family support. The risk of depressive symptoms is indirectly affected by education and residence.
Keywords: depression symptoms, elderly
Correspondence:
References
Alini (2016). Faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan kejadian depresi pada lansia di posyandu lansia desa jake wilayah kerja uptd kesehatan kari kabupaten kuantan singingi tahun 2016 (Factors related to the incidence of depression in the elderly in the elderly Posyandu village Jake working area UPDD Health Curry Kuantan District 2016). 1(1):1. Jurnal Ners Universitas Pahlawan Tuanku Tambusai. Retrieved from https://journal.universitaspahlawan.ac.id/index.php/ners/article/view/82
Aryawangsa AAN, Ariastuti NLP (2015). Prevalensi dan distribusi faktor risiko depresi pada lansia di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Tampaksiring I Kabupaten Gianyar Bali 2015 (Prevalence and distribution of depression risk factors in the elderly in Tampaksiring I Health Center, Gianyar Regency, Bali 2015). 7(1): 2089-9084. Retrieved from https://isainsmedis.id/index.php/ism/article/viewFile/7/8
Domnech-Abella J, Lara E, Rubio, Valera M, Olaya B, Moneta MV, Rico LA, Haro JM (2017). Loneliness and de-pression in the elderly: the role of social network. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 52(4):381
Domenech J, Mundo J, Leonardi M, Chatterji S, Tobiasz B, Koskinen JM (2018). The association between socioeconomic status and depression among older adults in Finland, Poland and Spain: A comparative cross-sectional study of distinct measures and pathways. JOAD, 2(4); 311
Hamidi, Rahardjo, Wijaya (2019). Path analysis on the determinants of adherence to anti tuberculosis drug treatment in Kaur district, Bengkulu, Indonesia. J Epidemiol Community Health. 4(3): 205-214. https://doi.org/10.26911/jepublichealth.2019.04.03.08.
Feisun (2019). Depressive symptoms in three Chinese older workforce group: the interplay of work stress with family and community factors. International psychogeriatrics. 4(2): 15-21. doi: 10.1017/S1041610219000528
Ministry of Health RI (2013). Riset Kesehatan dasar dalam angka Provinsi Jawa Tengah. Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan (Basic Health Research in Numbers in the Province of Central Java. Health Research and Development Agency). Retrieved from https://terbitan.litbang.depkes.go.id/penerbitan/index.php/lpb/catalog/book/94
Ministry of Health RI (2018). Data dan Informasi Profil Kesehatan Indonesia 2018 (Indonesia Health Profile Data and Information in 2018). Kementerian Kesehatan Badan penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan. Retrieved from https://pusdatin.kemkes.go.id/folder/view/01/structure-publikasi-data-pusat-data-dan-informasi.html
Livana YS, Lestari ED, Anggraeni (2018). Gambaran tingkat depresi lansia (Overview of depression in the elderly). Jurnal Keperawatan dan Pemikiran Ilmiah. 4(4): 80-93. Retrieved from http://jurnal.unissula.ac.id/index.php/jnm/article/download/3936/2798
Lotfaliany M, Hoare E, Jacka FN, Kowal P. Berk M, Mohebbi, M (2019). Variation in the prevalence of depression and patterns of association, socio-demographic and lifestyle factors in community dwelling older adults in six low- and middle-income countries. JOAD. 251(1):218
Pitayanti (2017). Perbedaan depresi antara pria dan wanita di posyandu lansia desa winonggo madiun (Differences in depression between men and women in the elderly Posyandu in Winonggo Madiun village). Jurnal Keperawatan Kebidanan - Stikes Dian Husada Mojokerto. Retrieved from https://jurnalonline.lppmdianhusada.ac.id/index.php/jkk/article/view/65.
Qin X, Wang S, Hsieh CR (2018). The prevalence of depression and depressive symptoms among adults in China: estimation based on a National Household Survey. China Economic Review. Elsevier 51: 271
Santoso MB, Asiah DH, Kirana CI (2017). Bunuh diri dan depresi dalam perspektif pekerjaan sosial. Prosiding penelitian pengabdian kepada masyarakat. jurnal.unpad. 4(3): 390-447. Retrieved from http://jurnal. unpad.ac.id/prosiding/article/view/18617
Utari W (2015). Hubungan dukungan keluarga dengan tingkat depresi pada lansia. Jurnal Ilmiah STIKES Kendal, 5(1):22
World Health Organization (2017). Depression and other common mental disorders mental health. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo).
Zhang Y, Chen Y, Ma L (2018). Depression and cardiovascular disease in elderly: Current understanding. J CLIN NEUROSCI. 47(1):1
