Relationship Between Smoking and Ischemic Stroke: Meta Analysis
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26911/jepublichealth.2022.07.01.10Abstract
Background: Ischemic stroke is a non-communicable disease that has irreversible and modifiable risk factors. One of the risk factors that can be changed in preventing ischemic stroke is smoking behavior. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between smoking and the incidence of ischemic stroke from several previous studies.
Subjects and Method: This article was compiled with a systematic review and meta-analysis study. This study uses the PICO model as follows. Population= Patients at Risk of Ischemic Stroke, Intervention= Smoking, Comparison= Not Smoking, and Outcome= Ischemic Stroke Incidence. The articles used in this study were obtained from several databases including PubMed and ScienceDirect. This article was collected within 1 month. The keywords to search for articles were as follows: Current AND Smoking OR Tobacco OR Cigarettes AND Hypertension AND "Ischemic Stroke" OR CVA (Cerebrovascular Accident).
Results: Nine articles reviewed in this meta-analysis were from Lebanon, Mexico, Pakistan, Finland, Pakistan, United States of America, Saudi Arabia, Bangladesh, Iran. In this study, smokers had a 1.66 times risk of developing an ischemic stroke compared to nonsmokers and it was statistically significant (aOR= 1.66; 95%CI= 1.48 to 1.86; p< 0.001). People who smoked had a 1.66 times risk. experienced the incidence of isleemic stroke compared to non-smokers and was statistically significant (aOR= 1.66; 95%CI= 1.48 to 1.86; p< 0.001).
Conclusion: Smoking has a relationship with the occurrence of ischemic stroke in at-risk patients.
Keywords: smoking, hypertension, ischemic stroke.
Correspondence: Septyan Dwi Nugroho. Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java, Indonesia. Email: septyandwin@gmail.com. Mobile: 081804418933.
References
Ambrose JA, Barua RS (2004). The Pathophysiology of Cigarette Smoking and Cardiovascular Disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 43(10): 1731–1737. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2003.12.047.
Caplan LR (2000). Caplan‘s Stroke : A Clinical Approach (Third). Buterworth – Heinemann.
El-Hajj M, Salameh P, Rachidi S, Al-Hajje A, Hosseini H (2019). Cigarette and Waterpipe Smoking are Associated with the Risk of Stroke in Lebanon. J Epidemiol Glob Health. 9(1): 62–70. doi: 10.2991/jegh.k.181231.002
Feigin VL, Stark BA, Johnson CO, Roth GA, Bisignano C, Abady GG, Abbasifard M, et al. (2021). Global, Regional, and National Burden of Stroke and Its Risk Factors, 1990–2019: A Systematic Analysis for The Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet Neurol. 20(10): 795–820. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(21)00252-0.
Jha P (2020). The Hazards of Smoking and The Benefits of Cessation: A Critical Summation of The Epidemiological Evidence in High-Income Countries. Elife. 9. doi: 10.7554/eLife.49979.
Jiménez-González MC, Santiago-Germán D, Castillo-Henkel EF, Alvarado-Moreno JA, Hernández-Juárez J, Leaños-Miranda A, Majluf-Cruz A, et al. (2021). Identification of genetic risk factors associated with ischaemic stroke in young Mexican patients. Neurologia. 36(5): 337–345. doi: 10.1016/j.nrleng.2018.01.011.
Kamal AK, Rasheed A, Mehmood K, Murtaza M, Zaidi M, Khan M, Shah N, et al. (2014). Frequency and Determinants of Intracranial Atherosclerotic Stroke in Urban Pakistan. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 23(8): 2174–2182. doi: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2014.04.003.
Kaplan RC, Baldoni PL, Strizich GM, Pérez-Stable EJ, Saccone NL, Peralta CA, Perreira KM, et al. (2021). Current Smoking Raises Risk of Incident Hypertension: Hispanic Community Health Study–Study of Latinos. Am J Hypertens. 34(2): 190–197. doi: 10.1093/ajh/hpaa152.
Kivioja R, Pietilä A, Martinez-Majander N, Gordin D, Havulinna AS, Salomaa V, Aarnio K, et al. (2018). Risk Factors for Early-Onset Ischemic Stroke: A Case-Control Study. J Am Heart Assoc. 7(21). doi: 10.1161/JAHA.118.009774.
Krishnamurthi R V, Ikeda T, Feigin VL (2020). Global, Regional and Coun-try-Specific Burden of Ischaemic Stroke, Intracerebral Haemorrhage and Subarachnoid Haemorrhage: A Systematic Analysis of the Global Bur-den of Disease Study 2017. Neuroepidemiology. 54(2): 171–179. doi: 10.1159/000506396.
Kumar D, Zuberi RW, Kumar A (2018). Association of Modifiable Risk Factors with Ischemic Stroke among Hypertensive Patients (Case Control Study at Tertiary Care Hospital, Karachi). Int J Nurs Hosp Care. 1(3): 07–11.
Markidan J, Cole JW, Cronin CA, Merino JG, Phipps MS, Wozniak MA, Kittner SJ (2018). Smoking and Risk of Ischemic Stroke in Young Men. Stroke. 49(5): 1276–1278. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.117.018859.
Mohammad Y (2020). Siesta and Risk for Ischemic Stroke: Results from A Case-Control Study. Med. 56(5). doi: 10.3390/medicina56050222.
Murti B (2018). Prinsip dan Metode Riset Epidemiologi. Yogyakarta: Gajah Mada University Press.
Owolabi MO, Thrift AG, Mahal A, Ishida M, Martins S, Johnson WD, Pandian J, et al. (2022). Primary Stroke Prevention Worldwide: Translating Evidence into Action. Lancet Public Heal. 7(1): e74–e85. doi: 10.1016/S2468-2667(21)00230-9.
Pan B, Jin X, Jun L, Qiu S, Zheng Q, Pan M (2019). The Relationship Between Smoking and Stroke. Medicine (Balti-more). 98(12): e14872. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000014872.
Reitsma MB, Kendrick PJ, Ababneh E, Abbafati C, Abbasi-Kangevari M, Abdoli A, Abedi A, et al. (2021). Spatial, Temporal, and Demographic Patterns in Prevalence of Smoking Tobacco Use and Attributable Disease Burden in 204 Countries and Territories, 1990–2019: A Systematic Analysis from The Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet. 397(10292): 2337–2360. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01169-7.
Sharmin N (2016). Risk of Smoking in the Causation of Ischemic Stroke: Experience of 100 Cases in Bangladesh. Eur J Prev Med. 4(6), 132. doi: 10.11648/j.ejpm.20160406.12.
Stead LF, Buitrago D, Preciado N, Sanchez G, Hartmann-Boyce J, Lancaster T (2013). Physician Advice for Smoking Cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD000-165.pub4.
Tabrizi R, Borhani-Haghighi A, Lankarani KB, Heydari ST, Bayat M, Vakili S, Maharlouei N, et al. (2020). Hookah Smoking: A Potentially Risk Factor for First-Ever Ischemic Stroke. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis Off J Natl Stroke Assoc. 29(10): 105138. doi: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.105138.
Upoyo AS, Isworo A, Sari Y, Taufik A, Su-meru A, Anam A (2021). Determinant Factors Stroke Prevention Behavior among Hypertension Patient in Indonesia. J Med Sci. 9(E): 336–339. doi: 10.3889/oamjms.2021.6040.
WHO (2021). Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS) are addictive and not. In Health Promotion. https://www.who.int/teams/health-promoti-on/tobacco-control/global-tobacco-report-2021.
