Household Drinking Water Source, Treatment, Storage, and Weather Conditions in Relation to Drinking Water Quality in Klaten District, Indonesia

Authors

  • Desy Vidi Kurniasari Master’s of Public Health Study Program, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia
  • Arsita Eka Prasetyawati Department of Public Health and Prevention Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia Universitas Sebelas Maret Hospital, Sukoharjo, Central Java, Indonesia
  • Hafi Nurinasari Department of Obstetric and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia Universitas Sebelas Maret Hospital, Sukoharjo, Central Java, Indonesia
  • Siti Khoiriyah Department of Environmental Science, Postgraduate School, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia
  • Cynthia Permata Sari Department of Environmental Science, Postgraduate School, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.26911/jepublichealth.2026.11.03.03

Abstract

Background: Safe drinking water remains a major public health challenge in Indonesia, where contamination continues to contribute to diarrheal disease burden. Household drinking water quality surveillance coverage in Klaten District remains far below the national target. This study analyzed the association between water source protection, household water treatment, water storage conditions, and climatic factors with household drinking water quality in Klaten District.

Subjects and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 390 households from 26 subdistricts in Klaten District, selected via equal-allocation subsampling from the 2025 National Household Drinking Water Quality Surveillance Program (SKAMRT) using two-stage cluster sampling (15 households/subdistrict). Drinking water quality was classified as safe or unsafe based on five parameters (E. coli, Total Dissolved Solids, pH, nitrate, nitrite) per Ministry of Health Regulation No. 2/2023. Associations were assessed using Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests, followed by multiple logistic regression with backward stepwise elimination (α = 0.05).

Results: Of 390 households, 202 (51.8%) had unsafe drinking water. Unprotected water sources were the only significant determinant of unsafe water quality (Adjusted OR = 1.61; 95% CI: 1.05–2.47; p = 0.029). Water treatment, storage type, and weather conditions showed no statistically significant association. Spatial analysis identified five subdistricts with very high risk (>80% non-compliant): Polanharjo (93.3%), Wonosari (86.7%), Bayat, Tulung, and Klaten Tengah (80.0% each). Model calibration was adequate (Hosmer-Lemeshow p = 0.741).

Conclusion: Unprotected water sources represent an independent determinant of unsafe household drinking water quality in Klaten District. Interventions should prioritize water source protection, household water safety education, and expansion of SKAMRT surveillance coverage to support SDGs 6.1 achievement by 2030.

Keywords:

drinking water, household water, water quality, source protection, water treatment

Published

2026-07-16

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Issue

Vol. 11 No. 3 (2026)

Section

Articles

How to Cite

Household Drinking Water Source, Treatment, Storage, and Weather Conditions in Relation to Drinking Water Quality in Klaten District, Indonesia. (2026). Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health, 11(3), 241-251. https://doi.org/10.26911/jepublichealth.2026.11.03.03

How to Cite

Household Drinking Water Source, Treatment, Storage, and Weather Conditions in Relation to Drinking Water Quality in Klaten District, Indonesia. (2026). Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health, 11(3), 241-251. https://doi.org/10.26911/jepublichealth.2026.11.03.03

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