Meta-Analysis: The Effect of Vaccination on the COVID-19 Infection
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26911/jepublichealth.2023.08.01.04Abstract
Background: The Indonesian government has determined that COVID-19 is a public health emergency and a non-natural national disaster that requires multi-strategy management. Strategies such as implementing health protocols and vaccination efforts to break the chain of transmission of COVID-19 must continue to be carried out massively. This study aims to analyze the effect of vaccination on COVID-19 infection.
Subjects and Method: This study is a systematic review and meta-analysis, with PICO as follows Population= population aged ≥18 years. Intervention= Vaccination. Comparison= Not vaccinated. Outcome= COVID-19 infection. The articles used in this study were obtained from several databases including PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus. These articles were collected over 2 months. The keywords to search for articles are as follows “Vaccine OR Vaccination AND (Infection OR Trans-mission) AND COVID-19 OR SARS-CoV-2”. The articles included in this study were full-text articles with a retrospective or prospective cohort study design. Articles are collected using PRISMA flow diagrams. Articles were analyzed using the Review Manager 5.3 application.
Results: A total of 10 articles reviewed in this meta-analysis study originating from England, Spain, France showed that COVID-19 vaccination is effective in reducing the risk of COVID-19 infection. People who were given the COVID-19 vaccine had a 0.22 times risk of being infected compared to those who were not vaccinated, and the reduced risk was statistically significant (aHR= 0.22; 95% CI= 0.13 to 0.36; p <0.001).
Conclusion: COVID-19 vaccination is effective in reducing the risk of COVID-19 infection.
Keywords: vaccination, infection, COVID-19, SARS-COV-2
Correspondence:
Farida Nurhayati. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java, Indonesia. Email: faridafay19@gmail.com. Mobile: +6285642154353.
References
Baden LR, El-Sahly HM, Essink B, Kotloff K, Frey S, Novak R, Diemert D, et al. (2021). Efficacy and safety of the mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine. N Engl J Med. 384(5):403-416.
Cabezas C, Coma E, Mora-Fernandez N, Li X, Martinez-Marcos M, Fina-Aviles F, Fabregas M, et al. (2021). Effects of BNT162b2 mRNA vaccination on COVID-19 disease, hospitalisation and mortality in nursing homes and healthcare workers: a prospective cohort study including 28,594 nursing home residents, 26,238 nursing home staff, and 61,951 healthcare workers in Catalonia. SSRN. 2021. doi: 10.2139/ssrn.3815682.
CDC (2021). COVID-19 vaccine breakthrough infections reported to CDC-United States. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
CT Department of Public Health (2021). COVID-19 vaccine distribution in Connecticut. Retrieved from: https://data.ct.gov/stories/s/CoVP-COVIDVaccine-Distribution-Data/bhcd-4mnv/.
Emborg H, Valentiner-Brant P, Schelde AB, Nielsen KF, Gram MA, Moustasen-Helms ID, Chaine M, et al. (2021). Vaccine effectiveness of the BNT16-2b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine against RT-PCR confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infections, hospitalisations and mortality in prioritised risk groups. MedRxiv. doi: 10.1101/2021.05.27.21257583
Fabiani M, Ramigni M, Gobbetto V, Mateo-Urdiales A, Pezzotti P, Piovesan C (2021). Effectiveness of the Comirnaty (BNT162b2, BioNTech/Pfizer) vaccine in preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection among healthcare workers, Treviso province, Veneto region, Italy, 27 December 2020 to 24 March 2021. Euro Surveill. 26(17): 2100420. doi: 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2021.26.17.2100420.
Glampson B, Brittain J, Kaura A, Mulla A, Mercuri L, Brett S, Aylin P, et al. (2021). North west london COVID-19 vaccination programme: real-world evidence for vaccine uptake and effectiveness. MedRxiv. doi: 10.1101/2021.04.08.21254580
Glatman-Freedman A, Bromberg M, Dichtiar R, Hershkovitz Y, Keinan-Boker L (2021). The BNT162b2 vaccine effectiveness against new COVID-19 cases and complications of breakthrough cases: A nation-wide retrospective longitudinal multiple cohort analysis using individualised data. EBioMedicine. 72:103574. doi: 10.10-16/j.ebiom.2021.103574.
Hall VJ, Foulkes S, Saei A, Andrews N, Oguti B, Charlett A, Wellington E, et al. (2021). COVID-19 vaccine coverage in health-care workers in England and effectiveness of BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine against infection (SIREN): a prospective, multicentre, cohort study. Lancet. 397(10286): 1725-1735. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00790-X
Hall V, Foulkes S, Insalata F, Kirwan P, Saei A, Atti A, Wellington E (2022). Protection against SARS-CoV-2 after Covid-19 Vaccination and Previous Infection. N Engl J Med. 386:1207-1220. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2118691
Havers FP, Pham H, Taylor CA, Whitaker M, Patel K, Anglin O, Kambhampati AK, et al. (2021). COVID-19-associated hospitalizations among vaccinated and unvaccinated adults 18 years or older in 13 US States, January 2021 to April 2022. JAMA Intern Med. 182(10):1071-1081. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2022.4299.
Liu C, Lee J, Ta C, Soroush A, Rogers JR, Kim JH, Natarajan K, et al. (2021). Retrospective analysis of COVID-19 mRNA vaccine breakthrough infections-risk factors and vaccine effectiveness. medRxiv. doi: 10.1101/2021.10.05.21264583
Kemenkes RI (2022). Studi terbaru: Vaksin COVID-19 efektif mencegah pera-watan dan kematian.
Marwan (2021). Peran vaksin dalam pena-nganan pandemi COVID-19 (The role of vaccines in handling the COVID-19 pandemic). Fakultas Kedokteran Uni-versitas Mulawarman, Samarinda.
Monge S, Olmedo C, Alejos B, Lapeña MF, Sierra MJ, Limia A (2021). Direct and indirect effectiveness of mrna vaccination against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in long-term care facilities, Spain. Emerg Infect Dis. 27 (10): 2595-2603. doi: 10.3201/eid2710.211184.
Moustsen-Helms IR, Emborg H, Nielsen J, Nielsen KF, Krause TG, Mølbak K, Møller KL, et al. (2021). Vaccine effectiveness after 1st and 2nd dose of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vac-cine in long-term care facility residents and healthcare workers – a Danish cohort study. MedRxiv. doi: 10.1101/2021.03.08.21252200
Paris C, Perrin S, Hamonic S, Bourget B, Ro-ué C, Brassard O, Tadié E, et al. (2021). Effectiveness of mRNA-BNT162b2, mRNA-1273, and ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccines against COVID-19 in health-care workers: an observational study using surveillance data. Clin Microbiol Infect. 27(11): 1699.e5-1699.e8. doi: 10.1016/j.cmi.2021.06.043.
Polack FP, Thomas SJ, Kitchin N, Absalon J, Gurtman A, Lockhart S, Perez JL, et al. (2020). Safety and efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine. N Engl J Med. 2020 Dec 31;383(27): 2603-2615. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa20-34577.
Pollett SD, Richard SA, Fries AC, Simons MP, Mende K, Lalani T, Lee T, et al. (2021). The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) mRNA vaccine-breakthrough infection phenotype includes significant symptoms, live virus shedding, and viral genetic diversity. Clin Infect Dis.
Ruan Q, Yang K, Wang W, Jiang L, Song J (2020). Clinical predictors of mortality due to COVID-19 based on an analysis of data of 150 patients from Wuhan, China. Intensive Care Med. 46: 846–848. doi:10.1007/s00134-020-05991-x.
Sallam M. COVID-19 Vaccine hesitancy worldwide: a concise systematic re-view of vaccine acceptance rates. Vaccines (Basel). 9(2):160. doi: 10.3390/vaccines9020160.
Shah ASV, Gribben C, Bishop J, Hanlon P, Caldwell D, Wood R, Reid M, et al. (2021). Effect of vaccination on transmission of SARS-CoV-2. N Engl J Med. 385(18):1718-1720. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2106757
Shrotri M, Krutikov M, Palmer T, Giddings R, Azmi B, Subbarao S, Fuller C, et al. (2021). Vaccine effectiveness of the first dose of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 and BNT162b2 against SARS-CoV-2 infection in residents of long-term care facilities in England (VIVALDI): a prospective cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis. 21: 1529–38. doi: 10.1016/ S1473-3099(21)00289-9
Tande AJ, Pollock BD, Shah ND, Farrugia G, Virk A, Swift M, Breeher L, et al (2022). Impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine on asymptomatic infection among patients undergoing preprocedural CO-VID-19 molecular screening. Clin Infect Dis. 74(1): 59-65. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciab229.
Voysey M, Clemens SAC, Madhi SA, Weckx LY, Folegatti PM, Aley PK, Angus B, et al. (2020). Safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (AZD1222) against SARS-CoV-2: an interim analysis of four randomised controlled trials in Brazil, South Africa, and the UK. Lancet. 397(10269): 99-111. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32661-1.
Widayanti LP, Kusumawati E (2021). Hu-bungan persepsi tentang efektifitas
vaksin dengan sikap kesediaan me-ngikuti vaksinasi COVID-19 (The relationship between perceptions about vaccine effectiveness and willingness to take part in the COVID-19 vac-cination). J Kesehat Masy. 9(2): 78-85
WHO (2022). WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard. World Health Organization.
Xia S, Duan K, Zhang Y, Zhao D, Zhang H, Xie Z, Li X, et al. (2020). Effect of an inactivated vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 on safety and immunogenicity outcomes: interim analysis of 2 randomized clinical trials. JAMA. 324(10): 951-960. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.15543.
