Logistic Regression on Factors Affecting Depression among the Elderly
Abstract
Background: Mental health problems, especially depression, have a major impact on the elderly. Depression is a major contributor to the burden of disease globally which can cause suicide. This study aimed to determine the factors that influence depression in the elderly.
Subjects and Method: This was an analytic observational study with a cross-sectional design. It was conducted from October to December 2018. A total of 200 elderly was selected by simple random sampling. The dependent variable was depression. The independent variables were income, history of chronic illness, family function, social interaction, social support, social isolation, and loneliness. Data on depression was measured by Geriatric Depression Scale 15 (GDS-15). The other data were collected by questionnaire and analyzed by multiple logistic regression.
Results: The risk of depression in elderly increased with history of chronic illness (OR= 8.03; 95% CI= 1.48 to 43.42; p= 0.016), social isolation (OR= 6.05; 95% CI= 1.41 to 25.98; p= 0.015), and loneliness (OR= 7.14; 95% CI= 1.62 to 31.41; p= 0.009). It decreased with high income (OR= 0.14; 95% CI= 0.03 to 0.60; p= 0.008), strong family function (OR= 0.13; 95% CI= 0.02 to 0.67; p= 0.014), strong social interaction (OR= 0.11; 95% CI= 0.02 to 0.48; p= 0.003), and strong social support (OR= 0.16; 95% CI= 0.04 to 0.65; p= 0.011).
Conclusion: The risk of depression in the elderly increases with a history of chronic illness, social isolation, and loneliness. It decreases with high income, strong family function, strong social interaction, and strong social support.
Keywords: depression, elderly, income, chronic illness, family function, social factors, loneliness
Correspondence:
References
Aryawangsa AAN, Ariastuti NLP (2016). Prevalensi dan distribusi faktor risiko depresi pada lansia di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Tampaksiring I Kabupaten Gianyar Bali 2015. Jurnal Intisari Sains Medis. 7(1): 12-23. http://isainsmedis.id/ojs/.
Aylaz R, Akt
Brown CR, Hambleton IR, Sobers Grannum N, Hercules S M, Unwin N, Nigel HE, Murphy MM (2017). Social Determinants of Depression and Suicidal Behaviour in the Caribbean: a Systematic Review. BMC Public Health, 17(1), 1
Chaves C, Amaral O, Nelas P, Coutinho E, Dionisio R (2014). Withdrawn: assessment of family functionality among the elderly with chronic illness. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 113, 62
Cheng Y, Zhang L, Wang F, Zhang P, Ye B, Liang Y (2017). The effects of family structure and function on mental health during china
Chiu CY, Robert W Molt, Ditchman N (2017). Validation of the social provisions scale in people with multiple sclerosis, 61(3), 297
Choi H (2015). Impact of social isolation on behavioral health in elderly: Systematic review, World Journal of Psychiatry, 5(4): 432. Doi: 10.5498/wjp.v5.i4.432.
Crewdson, Crewdson J (2016). The effect of loneliness in the elderly population: a Review. Healthy Aging & Clinical Care in the Elderly, 1. Doi: 10.4137/HACCE.S35890.
Eloranta S, Arve S, Isoaho H, Lehtonen A, Viitanen M (2015). Loneliness of older people aged 70: a Comparison of two finnish cohorts born 20 years apart. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 61(2), 254
IMAJI (Inti Mata Jiwa) (2017). Menelisik data dan fakta bunuh diri Gunungkidul 2001-2017.https:// imaji.or.id/menelisik-data-dan-fakta-bunuh-diri-di-gunungkidul-2001-2017/.diakses pada 17 Februari 2018.
Ihenetu T (2017). Aging In Grace and the Effects of Social Isolation on the Elderly Population. Doi: 10.19080/OAJGGM.2017.01.555566
Kemenkes RI (2013). Gambaran kesehatan lanjut usia di Indonesia. Buletin Jendela Data dan Informasi Kesehatan. Jakarta: Kementerian Kesehatan RI.
_____ (2013a). Riset kesehatan dasar tahun 2013. Jakarta: Kementerian Kesehatan RI.
Kim W, Chen YL (2011). The social determinants of depression in elderly Korean Immigrants in Canada: Does Acculturation Matter? The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 73(4), 283
Kulkarni RS, Shinde RL (2015). Depression and its Associated Factors in Older Indians: a Study based on Study of Global Aging and Adult Health (SAGE) 2007. Journal of Aging and Health, 27(4): 622
Leigh Hunt N, Bagguley D, Bash K, Turner V, Turnbull S, Valtorta N, Caan W (2017). An overview of systematic reviews on the public health consequences of social isolation and loneliness. Public Health, 152: 157
Padila (2013). Buku Ajar Keperawatan Gerontik. Yogyakarta: Nuha Medika.
Parasari GAT, Lestari MD (2015). Hubungan dukungan sosial keluarga dengan tingkat depresi pada lansia di Kelurahan Sading. Jurnal Psikologi Udayana. 2(1): 68-77.
Paul B, Saravanan M, Fernandes DE&Isaac R (2018). Depression among geriatric population: the need for community awareness. Intern, Department of Community Medicine SC. Clinical Epidemiology and GlobalHealth. Doi: 10.1016/j.cegh.2018.02.006.
Peltzer K, Phaswana Mafuya N (2013). Depression and associated factors in older adults in South Africa. Global Health Action, 6(1), 1
Rahmi (2015). Gambaran tingkat kesepian pada lansia di Panti Tresna Werdha Pandaan. Seminar Psikologi Kemanusiaan. 257
Suadirman SP (2011). Psikologi lanjut usia. Yogyakarta. Gajah Mada University Press.
Susilowati, Kuspriyanto (2016). Gizi dalam daur kehidupan. Bandung: PT. Refika Aditama.
Tanner EK, Martinez IL, Harris M (2014). Examining functional and social determinants of depression in communitydwelling older adults: Implications for Practice. Geriatric Nursing, 35(3), 236
UN (United Nations) (2017). World Population Ageing. New York: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division.
World Federation for Mental Health (WFMF) (2012). Depression: A global crisis, world mental health day. www.who.int/mental_health/management/depression/wfmh_paper_depression_wmhd_2012.pdf. Diakses pada 2 Desember 2017
World Federation for Mental Health (2013). Mental health and older people. https://www.gov.im/media/739589/mh_olderpeople.pdf. Diakses pada tanggal 2 Desember 2017.
WHO (2018). Mental Disorder. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs396/en/. Diakses 20 April 2018.
Xu M, Chen R, Liu B, Chai Y, Boer DD (2018). Psychosocial determinants of depression in the community of the elderly with cardiovascular disease. PT US CR. Psychiatry Research. Doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.03.008.
Yuli R (2014). Buku ajar asuhan keperawatan gerontik. Jakarta: Cv. TransInfo Media.
